Conclusion and outlook

Ammonia is one of the world's most widely synthesized chemicals, used in the manufacture of fertilizers. It is industrially produced using the Haber-Bosch process at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600°C, under 100-200 bar and with the aid of a catalyst, typically iron-based. This process is particularly energy-intensive (± 30 GJ/tonne), and ammonia synthesis is responsible for around 2% of global energy consumption and generates 1.6% of CO ₂ emissions. To reduce CO ₂ emissions, ammonia production needs to be decarbonized, including the use of green hydrogen produced from renewable energy. However, this approach may require a complete rethink of the currently industrialized process. Indeed, unlike the Haber-Bosch process designed for large-scale centralized production (> 10,000