2. Modules
In practice, membranes are assembled in modules, usually comprising several membranes. There are currently four main types of module on the market: flat, spiral, tubular and hollow-fiber. Derivative modules, such as vibrating modules or submerged hollow-fiber modules, are marketed on the basis of these basic configurations. The various modules are closely linked to the geometry of the membranes and therefore to the material.
2.1 Plan module
The flat modules consist of flat membranes assembled in a filter press-type arrangement as shown in figure 27 a. The elementary assembly consists of a feed-side spacer, a first membrane, a permeate-side...
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Modules
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Economic data
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Prices for organic reverse osmosis membranes
At the end of 2003, reverse osmosis membranes sold for between US$12 and US$26/m 2 , i.e. around e10/m 2 for the cheapest membranes, generally based on cellulose derivatives, and e22/m 2 for composites....
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