2. Discharge mass flow
Several research groups have analyzed the emptying mass flow rate (or withdrawal mass flow rate) observed at silo outlets. The first studies on this subject date back to the early 20th century. To make the best use of this literature, it is essential to note that the discharge mass flow rate of a granular material can vary significantly between a flat-bottomed silo and a silo with a conical hopper.
2.1 Correlations available in the literature
Table 1 summarizes the main correlations available in the literature for assessing silo discharge mass flow.
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Discharge mass flow
Dwell time distribution (DTS)
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