1. Industrial manufacturing

1.1 Process principle

It involves reacting carbon dioxide and ammonia under high pressure and at relatively high temperatures (see table 1 ). The result is a liquid phase in which the reactants are in the form of ionized ammonium carbamate, which is then converted to urea by dehydration.

The condensation of ammonia and carbon dioxide is a heterogeneous, highly exothermic conversion reaction: $2 {NH}_{3} (g) + {CO}_{2} (g) ⇋ {NH}_{2} {COO}^{-} {NH}_{4}^{+} ($

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References

(1) - KIRK-OTHMER - Encyclopaedia of chemical technology. - 1978, 2e éd., vol. 21, p. 39, John Wiley.
(2) - FRÉJACQUES (M.) - Bases théoriques de la synthèse industrielle de l'urée. - Chim. Ind., vol. n 1, juillet 1948, p. 22 à 35.
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