1. Context

In 2001, the European Community published a list of 33 priority substances for water monitoring (2000/60/EC, Water Framework Directive). Among these substances are tributyltin compounds. These compounds are used as heat stabilizers in the plastics industry, as catalysts in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and for their antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial activity of tributyltin (TBT) has been exploited in the manufacture of antifouling paints to protect ship hulls and submerged port facilities. TBT and its degradation product dibutyltin (DBT) were therefore the cause of widespread contamination of harbors and coasts, and the toxic effects on marine fauna led to a ban on its application from 1 ^er January 2003.

Since January 1 2008, the presence of TBT has been banned on all ships...