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In a context of raw materials shortage, awareness of a need for environmental protection, and pressure from regulations, the chemical industry is showing a growing interest in biosolvents made from renewable raw materials. Bio-based solvents offer an alternative to fossil resources, preventing health, safety and environmental hazards. After a reminder of the background to the solvents market, this paper presents the main biosolvent categories known for their industrial applications, and the different strategies for the design and selection of biosolvents meeting given specifications.
The suppository allows for the administration of active substances rectally in order to obtain a local or systemic effect. It consists of hydrophilic excipients, such as glycerol and polyethylene-glycols, which dissolve in water, or lipophilic excipients, such as mixtures of glycerides which melt at the rectal temperature. Although the acceptability of the suppository varies according to the sociocultural barriers of prescribers and patients, it is however extremely useful in pediatrics, geriatrics and in the case of certain digestive disorders. This article deals with the materials and methods used to formulate, produce and characterize suppositories, as well as with certain aspects of the rectal route of the biopharmaceutical area.
Oil foams represent an emerging class of liquid foams—non-aqueous systems characterized by gas bubbles dispersed in an oil phase. They are generating increasing interest in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to their ability to stabilize water-free formulations with innovative sensory properties and to serve as alternatives to solid fats. This article reviews the mechanisms of formation and stabilization of oil foams, as well as their applications, while highlighting current challenges and future prospects.
As formulation takes more and more place in the development of specific products, this article will allow the reader to carry out formulation operations, among other things, by analogy with existing achievements but also by taking into account changes in legislation. It presents various examples using commercial, scientific, and patent databases. It also highlights the importance of automatic processing for analyzing patent information, scientific publications and the Web. He underlines the importance of standards, among others those of the European Community and the USA.
In order to answer to sustainable development challenges, chemical industry must embrace eco-design to reduce its environmental impact while preserving its innovation potential. This article first presents the changes and choices facing the chemical industry that are driving its transformation. It then introduces life cycle assessment - LCA - and its methodological principles. LCA is a tool that provides a holistic evaluation of the environmental impacts of a product or service, thereby guiding industry decisions. The article goes on to illustrate this approach through comparative examples, analyzing the limitations and biases of LCA, and concludes with perspectives on strengthening eco-design.
Owing to their many interesting physical and chemical properties, bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have found applications in many industrial sectors. The search for novel exopolysaccharides involves several steps: (i) creation of a library, (ii) screening of EPS producers, (iii) production under laboratory conditions, (iv) physical and chemical and biological characterization, and (v) final scale-up to industrial level. Novel marine exopolysaccharides are of great interest in cosmetics and personal care products . Some marine EPS have already found applications in this industrial sector.
The cosmetics industry supplies a very active market in the French economy, with an average turnover of 25 billion euros per year. France was the foremost world exporter in 2014: the need for innovation is therefore essential to maintain this position. Biological and natural cosmetics are still growing in market share, to meet increasing consumer demand for natural products. Among the challenges for achieving innovation and sustainability, extraction is an important unit operation in the overall fabrication process of cosmetic products. This article presents an overview of different methods of extraction, from conventional processes to innovative and sustainable technologies and alternative solvents.
From choice of raw materials to formulation, sensory evaluation has become a major method to ensure product quality and development in the intensely competitive field of cosmetics. Today it offers a decision-making tool for innovation in this sector. This article explains the physiological principles underlying the process of sensory evaluation of cosmetic products. Discriminative, descriptive, and hedonic methods are described in a practical way to facilitate understanding. The newer sensory methods (Flash, Pivot ©, CATA) are illustrated, with examples of cosmetic products. The article concludes with examples of the sensory evaluation approach.
A foam is a dispersion of gas in a condensed phase, in other words, it is a familiar system with a complex behavior and ambiguous properties. For instance, foams have a very low density and yet they can sometimes be perfectly rigid and even solid. The characteristics of foams, the major stages of their life and their constitutive phenomena are described in this article. Methods of study are then presented in order to allow for the understanding of their formation and their evolution. Their outstanding properties are finally reviewed as well as their rheological behavior (viscous or elastic characterization).
In ancient times, perfume played an essential role in religious life, funerals and secular life, for seduction as well as therapeutic virtues. Ancient perfumes were very different from that of modern perfumes (alcoholic perfumery). They were obtained via the extraction of odorous raw materials (perfume plants, flowers, roots, resin gums, spices, etc.) by vegetable oils (ben, sesame, horseradish, almond, olive). Several studies deal with the composition of perfumes in ancient times. Recently, on the sites of Delos (Greece), Paestum, Herculaneum and Pompeii (Italy), chemists and archaeologists have studied the raw materials and methods which were used as well as the chemical composition of these fragrances and their olfactory characteristics.
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