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Lasers sources Principles, properties and applications

Figure 2 - Atom-radiation interaction processes

Figure 3 - Three-level system

Figure 4 - Four-level system

Figure 5 - Laser operating point

Figure 6 - Influence of a cavity (vacuum) on the spectrum

Figure 7 - TEMlp mode profiles for different values of the integers l and p

Figure 8 - Gaussian beams and the stability of spherical mirror cavities

Figure 9 - Different laser cavity configurations

Figure 10 - Effect of spectral hole burning

Figure 11 - Spectrum filtering using selective elements

Figure 12 - Wavelengths accessible by common laser sources (Danh – CC – BY-SA, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File :Commercial_laser_lines.svg#/media/File :Commercial_laser_lines.svg)

Figure 13 - Short pulse generation through loss modulation

Figure 14 - Influence of mode phase-locking on resultant intensity

Figure 15 - CPA (frequency drift amplification) principle

Figure 16 - Examples of gas lasers

Figure 17 - Dye laser emitting at 589 nm

Figure 18 - Examples of all-solid-state lasers

Figure 19 - How semiconductor lasers work

Figure 20 - Examples of semiconductor lasers

Figure 21 - Fiber laser

Figure 22 - Optical information storage (Cmglee – Own work, CC-BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid&#61;21959547)

Figure 23 - Lasers for metrology

Figure 24 - LIBS analysis

Figure 25 - Laser isotope separation

Figure 26 - Principle of an individual laser line on the Laser Megajoule (© 2020 Copyright CEA DAM)

Figure 27 - Apollon laser for multi-petawatt pulse generation

Figure 28 - View and principle of a free-electron laser (credits: European XFEL/Jan Hosan, European XFEL/Option Z)

Figure 29 - Laser star at the VLT (Very Large Telescope, Chile)