2. I&Q modulator

2.1 Description

The I&Q (In-Phase and Quadrature) modulator, also known as DP-MZM (Dual Parallel Mach-Zender Modulator), is an extension of the Mach-Zehnder modulator described above. It currently plays a very important role in the deployment of long-distance, ultra-high-speed networks. The initial version, which has become more complex in recent years, is described here. The first version is obtained with an integrated configuration on a substrate of ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_3$ cutting $X$ The schematic diagram...