1. Cracking stages

Figure 1 - Basic elastic stresses and cracks

Figure 2 - Complex demands

Figure 4 - Shaping with tooling

Figure 5 - Straight or curved chain link (A-crack) with undersized lashing pin (B-crack)

Figure 6 - Variation of E-modulus with temperature (E &#34; 2.6 G )

Figure 7 - Influence lines for bending moments of a heavy shaft

Figure 8 - Volume plasticized by a crack (see cross-sections : [Form. M 4 122], figure 42)

Figure 9 - Reduction of peak stresses by drilling (another alternative to fillet machining) (from [1]). The stress field is to be examined in 3D volume

Figure 10 - Elastic stress concentrations due to cross-sectional changes, internal voids and notches

Figure 11 - Stress fields in brittle and ductile materials

Figure 12 - Appearance of breaks in a smooth or notched bar (1, 2, 3: chronology)

Figure 13 - Recorded resilience curve

Figure 14 - Wöhler endurance curves for medium-hard steel

Figure 15 - Overspeed machine test  (oligocyclic). Rupture for  under normal load

Figure 16 - Elastic stress distribution after rolling and bending. Possible cracking in A

Figure 17 - Changes in iron mass volume with temperature

Figure 18 - Straightening a welded tube using heat shrinkage

Figure 19 - Tearing of the web of a hot-rolled LAC section due to internal stresses

Figure 20 - Microstructure volume change (from [2])

Figure 21 - Elastic stresses along bars

Figure 22 - Elastic stress distribution after carburizing and bending

Figure 23 - Roller slippage during bending: work hardening over 80% or friction martensite

Figure 24 - Comparative strengths of austenitic and ferritic steels. Example of acceptance level at 35 J · cm–2

Figure 25 - Comparative strengths of cryogenic steels (ISO)

Figure 26 - Rough breakage. Edge or full-sheet primer

Figure 27 - Permissible stresses in the presence of a crack of length 2a, with or without corrosion

Figure 28 - Typical creep curves

Figure 30 - Influence of temperature on Rm , , and . Reversal point  for

Figure 31 - Distorted crystal lattice

Figure 32 - Elementary mesh

Figure 33 - Influence of strain rate  and grain fineness on transition temperature

Figure 35 - Improving Re yield strength and TK transition temperature through grain refining and microalloys

Figure 37 - Lamellar tears on MnS inclusion after welding of heavy plates

Figure 38 - Compressive and rolling stresses. Butterfly wing cracking (symmetrical wings in the absence of MnS inclusion)

Figure 39 - Pitting and cracking: rust halo

Figure 40 - Dechroming of austenitic and austenoferritic steels. Carbides and intergranular corrosion possible

Figure 43 - Coatings under corrosion

Figure 44 - Pitting corrosion initiated by sulfide (is) or oxide (io) inclusions or iron or Fe Ox occlusions. Acidification of microcaves

Figure 45 - Mechanical-chemical cracking

Figure 46 - Schematic of an oxidized steel surface (from IRSID)

Figure 47 - Oxidation and nitriding of a refractory alloy with cracking

Figure 48 - Dry stress corrosion

Figure 49 - Hydrogen cracking: blistering by etching and cold cracking by welding