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This article deals with the production of stainless steel. Stainless steels are produced in various grades, forms and finishes. The main process routes include: stainless steel melting: raw materials are melted in an electric arc furnace (EAF); refining process: refining takes place in a refining vessel using either a process gas (Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) converter) or vacuum (Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD) vessel); ladle metallurgy: before casting, various metallurgical operations can be performed; casting: ingot casting (old technique) or continuous casting (slab caster or bloom caster); hot coil rolling or hot bar rolling; cold rolling and finishing of flat products or cold drawing and finishing of long products.
The standard electrode potential is used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system and its value is measured versus a stable and well-known electrode potential (reference electrode). It allows predicting the reactivity of the oxydo-reducing species in solution. The oxydo-reducing systems (so-called redox), in aqueous solution, are conventionallyclassified according to their standard potential, expressed in volt, compared with the H+/H2 system. That list, established from several works, is very useful in surface treatments in aqueous media.
The Charpy impact test, proposed more than a century ago, has been the subject of renewed interest due to experimental developments and significant advances in the field of numerical modeling of behavior, damage and the fracture of materials. Currently, numerical modeling can adequately describe the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of materials, ductile tearing and brittle fracture according to the local approach to fracture.
Gold nanoparticles are structures made up of a few dozen to several million gold atoms, ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm. This article presents some of the processes for producing gold nanoparticles, which can be prepared as spheres, rods, triangles, stars, cubes and so on. In particular, the remarkable properties of gold nanoparticles in catalysis, optics (including localized plasmon resonance), biosensors and thermo-plasmonics are developed. It also includes original applications in nanomedicine, bio fuel cells and plasmonic pigments.
This article is an introduction to the subject of corrosion resistance, physical properties and mechanical characteristics of stainless steels. Stainless steels are iron alloys containing a minimum of about 11% chromium. It is well known that steel containing at least this amount of chromium is corrosion resistant in many environments. This property based on the passivity phenomenon involves the formation of a very thin barrier at the alloy surface so-called passive film or passive layer. The first part of this article is dealing with corrosion resistance of stainless steels in relation with their chemical composition and their structure. The second part is a comprehensive review of physical properties and mechanical characteristics.
When designing structures or components, it is often necessary to join elements together. One of the techniques used among others is welding. These welded joints can be subjected to cyclic loads in service, such as the rolling, the wind, the swell, the lifting of loads, etc. This article presents the necessary concepts to know about the phenomenon of fatigue and its consequences in order to better design welded joints. It will cover the following topics: notions of welding, basic notions of fatigue, the fatigue resistance of welded joints, the testing, and calculation methodology.
EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) in a scanning electron microscope has become since 2010 a widely used technique, in academic and industrial laboratories especially in the metallurgy domain. It makes it possible to simultaneously characterize the local microstructure and crystallographic texture of polycrystalline materials. The EBSD technique provides access not only to orientation maps but also to phase maps. In addition, it is able to assess elastic and plastic deformations, as well as the energy stored in the grains during deformation. In addition to metallic materials, this analysis technique is now employed in all areas where crystallized materials are present (minerals, ceramics, …).
Sandwich structured polymers are found in applications in many industrial sectors (construction, transport, automotive, etc.) and are particularly well adapted in order to meet flection stress modes. Their physical characteristics, including thermal insulation, weight, absorption and resistance to shock have significantly improved over the last few years. The sandwich structure thus currently presents an amazing diversity of core structures. This article presents every implementation process concerning these steel / polymer / steel sandwich structures, deals with the issues of cell-substrate adhesion as well as the key parameters impacting the final adhesion and durability properties.
The present article describes the conditions and techniques to be employed when working with stainless steels. In relation with main grades, those types are cutting, machining, forming, welding, brazing and soldering, adhesive bonding, mechanical joining, post-processing heat treatments and surface treatments. This article also indicates probable developments in the not-too-distant future.
Additive manufacturing offers unprecedented freedom to design architectured materials with controlled internal geometries. They enable the optimization of behavior, lightness, or multifunctionality according to precise specifications. This article reviews various design approaches and additive manufacturing processes, highlighting the control of material quality, production times, and costs. Industrial challenges include performance certification, resource consumption reduction, and large-scale implementation. The aerospace, automotive, and biomedical sectors already leverage these solutions for weight reduction, energy absorption, or customization, indicating significant potential for further development.
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