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This article is an introduction to the subject of corrosion resistance, physical properties and mechanical characteristics of stainless steels. Stainless steels are iron alloys containing a minimum of about 11% chromium. It is well known that steel containing at least this amount of chromium is corrosion resistant in many environments. This property based on the passivity phenomenon involves the formation of a very thin barrier at the alloy surface so-called passive film or passive layer. The first part of this article is dealing with corrosion resistance of stainless steels in relation with their chemical composition and their structure. The second part is a comprehensive review of physical properties and mechanical characteristics.
EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) in a scanning electron microscope has become since 2010 a widely used technique, in academic and industrial laboratories especially in the metallurgy domain. It makes it possible to simultaneously characterize the local microstructure and crystallographic texture of polycrystalline materials. The EBSD technique provides access not only to orientation maps but also to phase maps. In addition, it is able to assess elastic and plastic deformations, as well as the energy stored in the grains during deformation. In addition to metallic materials, this analysis technique is now employed in all areas where crystallized materials are present (minerals, ceramics, …).
Gold nanoparticles are structures made up of a few dozen to several million gold atoms, ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm. This article presents some of the processes for producing gold nanoparticles, which can be prepared as spheres, rods, triangles, stars, cubes and so on. In particular, the remarkable properties of gold nanoparticles in catalysis, optics (including localized plasmon resonance), biosensors and thermo-plasmonics are developed. It also includes original applications in nanomedicine, bio fuel cells and plasmonic pigments.
When designing structures or components, it is often necessary to join elements together. One of the techniques used among others is welding. These welded joints can be subjected to cyclic loads in service, such as the rolling, the wind, the swell, the lifting of loads, etc. This article presents the necessary concepts to know about the phenomenon of fatigue and its consequences in order to better design welded joints. It will cover the following topics: notions of welding, basic notions of fatigue, the fatigue resistance of welded joints, the testing, and calculation methodology.
The present article describes the conditions and techniques to be employed when working with stainless steels. In relation with main grades, those types are cutting, machining, forming, welding, brazing and soldering, adhesive bonding, mechanical joining, post-processing heat treatments and surface treatments. This article also indicates probable developments in the not-too-distant future.
Additive manufacturing offers unprecedented freedom to design architectured materials with controlled internal geometries. They enable the optimization of behavior, lightness, or multifunctionality according to precise specifications. This article reviews various design approaches and additive manufacturing processes, highlighting the control of material quality, production times, and costs. Industrial challenges include performance certification, resource consumption reduction, and large-scale implementation. The aerospace, automotive, and biomedical sectors already leverage these solutions for weight reduction, energy absorption, or customization, indicating significant potential for further development.
Stainless steels are iron alloys containing a minimum of about 11,0% chromium. They are well known to be corrosion resistant. This property based on the passivity phenomenon involves the formation of a very thin barrier at the alloy surface. At first, this paper gives a brief history of stainless steels followed by criteria for selection and their main uses. According to their chemical composition and their metallurgical structure, stainless steels can be divided in five categories: martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, austenitic-ferritic so-called duplex, and precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steels. This classification is developed in the second section.
Intergranular diffusion (or grain boundary diffusion) is a phenomenon that controls most properties of crystalline materials. The objective of this article is to focus on the individual behavior of a grain boundary in relation to its fine structure, at the microscopic scale then at the atomic scale. Notable differences in diffusivity appear depending on the geometry and chemistry of the boundaries. These are used to understand the collective diffusional behavior of a polycrystal using two approaches: experimental and percolation theory. An example of the important role of diffusion is detailed in the case of superplastic creep of alumina.
This article describes the physical phenomena controlling precipitation kinetics in metallic alloys, which control an important part of their properties, particularly their mechanical properties. It begins with a brief description of experimental and modeling techniques suitable for studying precipitation kinetics. It then goes on to describe the kinetics involved, starting with the simplest situations and gradually introducing levels of increasing complexity.
Knowing and quantifying microstructures before and after thermal, thermochemical or thermomechanical treatments is essential to mastering the properties of metal alloys.This article describes the possibilities for surface and volume quantification of microstructures, and the specific issues involved. It details current norms and practices, as well as the most recent techniques for quantitative metallography in two and three dimensions, such as X-ray micro-tomography and layer micro-tomography, as well as mathematical approaches such as the Saltykov method.
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