4. Strong need for metalworking skills

As we have just seen, metals play a major role among the materials used in microelectronics, and many of the problems associated with downsizing components are metallurgical in nature. As a result, there is a strong need for skills in metallurgy, not for specialists in this or that metal, but for specialists in the basic skills that make up metallurgy: phase transformation, diffusion, plasticity, fracture, microstructural evolutions. These skills exist in the "classical metallurgy" sectors, and need to be imported into the science of materials for microelectronics, integrating the specific features we have outlined above. A number of works