2. Uniform deformation method

Based on the energy balance of the uniaxial, axisymmetric or planar tensile test, we simply estimate the shaping forces or torques in stationary processes: extrusion, wire drawing, rolling, then in non-stationary processes: forging and deep drawing. In all these processes, the metal is assumed to undergo uniform deformation defined by its elongation. In these calculations, as in the rest of the article, we assume that plastic flow is incompressible, i.e. that it does not change the volume of the metal.

Although schematic, these analyses enable us to draw relevant and important conclusions, confirmed by experience and the more powerful methods presented below.