5. System operation: influence of layout

5.1 Rounding and sharp angles

Any sharp angle in the path of an attack system is harmful, because :

• it slows down the flow by causing generally unnecessary head losses (creation of vortices or recirculation currents);

• it can cause fluid vein detachment, especially on the inside of any bend or change of direction.

However, these disbonds should be systematically avoided, as they not only create additional pressure losses (at the same flow rate, a system with sharp angles is more voluminous than one with...