2. Ductile damage models

Ductile damage models fall into three main categories.

• Firstly, decoupled damage models, or fracture criteria, involve calculating a damage variable by integrating a function of the stress state along the plastic deformation path. Depending on the model, this function may have micromechanical or phenomenological origins. These models are not coupled to behavior and therefore do not take into account the gradual softening (reduction) of mechanical properties due to damage.

• The second category concerns coupled damage models based on thermodynamics, in which damage and its evolution are represented phenomenologically.

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