2. Characterization of forming processes using objective functions

Forming processes are generally optimized by defining objective and constraint functions. These functions are used to control the process and ensure the quality of the final product. They also help avoid the occurrence of certain failure modes. Several works in the literature have drawn on the forming limit curve, either in the plane of principal stresses or in the plane of principal strains, to define their objective functions. Some define functions that focus on the degree of compliance with the die, so that the part takes the shape of the die. Other types of function focus on minimizing the rate of damage to the part.

The optimization of forming processes by means of certain objective functions with or without deterministic constraints is a widely used approach. However, it is often criticized for not incorporating parameter uncertainties, even though these hazards...