2. Wrought deformation

2.1 Flow directions

Changes in the external shape of cast products are achieved by external mechanical forces, in a given direction and direction. To a first approximation, hot plastic forming (wrought iron) or cold plastic forming (cold working, cold forging) can be reduced to the simple notion of plastic metal flow, irrespective of the direction of the external forces (compression, tension, shear) and the tooling used. This flow can take place in a single direction (e.g. extrusion, drawing or bar rolling) or in two directions (e.g. compression, sheet and section rolling, forging).

The amplitude of the grinding can be evaluated:...