4. Conclusion

Standard potentials and equilibrium potentials form the theoretical basis for the thermodynamic analysis of electrochemical systems. They enable us to understand and predict the behavior of electrochemical systems, indicate the tendency of species present to oxidize or reduce, and anticipate the spontaneous direction of reactions. Standard potential, equilibrium potential, and free enthalpy establish a direct link between electrochemistry and chemical thermodynamics. A thorough understanding of these concepts is essential both for the quantitative description of systems and for the design of devices or industrial processes.