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This article presents the principles of the chemical vapor deposition method based on alternating precursor pulses, known as Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The discussion covers the range of materials that can be synthesized using this technique, its environmental impact, and its various fields of application together with their recent developments. Finally, a practical description of the steps involved in implementing an ALD process is provided.
H-embrittlement remains a problem for mechanical industries. Despite “degassing” heat treatment specifications and standards to avoid time-dependent rupture for quench/temper steel. The minimal heat treatment time depends only on the mechanical strength. The persistence of the problem, it means that the mechanism to avoid the H-embrittlement is not clear. The assumption that the degassing heat treatment might increase the hydrogen amount in the steel matrix is further explore. This article’s objective is to develop a new approach of the heat treatment function.
The standard electrode potential is used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system and its value is measured versus a stable and well-known electrode potential (reference electrode). It allows predicting the reactivity of the oxydo-reducing species in solution. The oxydo-reducing systems (so-called redox), in aqueous solution, are conventionallyclassified according to their standard potential, expressed in volt, compared with the H+/H2 system. That list, established from several works, is very useful in surface treatments in aqueous media.
Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) processes are a set of techniques for synthesizing metallurgical coatings or ceramic films, with applications in fields as diverse as mechanics, optics, electronics, the chemical and aeronautical industries, etc. Generally speaking, coatings are produced in a rarefied atmosphere (< 10 Pa) in three stages: the creation of a metal vapour from a source (or target), its transport through a reactor and its condensation on the surface of a substrate to be coated. Although the term PVD encompasses a wide range of processes, they can be classified into three main categories, depending on how the metal vapour is obtained: by thermal effect, it's called evaporation, while by mechanical effect, it's called sputtering.
In order to address the fragility, complexity and cost of ceramic parts, the industry has developed ceramic coatings on metal parts with a thickness ranging from a few millimeters up to several meters. The thin deposits (of less than a few millimeters) are formed either by physical vapor deposition evaporation assisted by electrons, ions, plasma, laser, or by chemical vapor deposition assisted or not by plasma. Thick deposits (from 50 to a few millimeters) are achieved by spraying particles of a few tens of millimeters via flame or thermal plasma. Certain application examples, related to the properties of the deposits obtained, are presented. After having provided a brief assessment of the costs of the various deposits, this article deals with development prospects.
HiPIMS (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) technology represents a major advancement in the field of physical vapor deposition (PVD) for the synthesis of functional thin films. This article starts with an overview of the conventional magnetron sputtering to establish the fundamental concepts. Subsequently, the HiPIMS technique is presented, highlighting the key challenges in generating high-power pulses and accurately modeling the magnetic field involved in magnetron sputtering processes. Finally, two specific applications of this technology are examined: the growth of titanium dioxide and tungsten trioxide thin films.
Few analysis methods are adapted to monitoring industrial surfaces with coatings of variable thickness, for which rapid information on a large number of elements is required. This article presents Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry, with its advantages and limitations. It is an ultrafast easy-to-use depth profiling technique that can measure all elements in thin and thick films. The generalization of RF sources has allowed the analysis of nonconductive materials, and the range of applications has since broadened. The method does not describe all aspects of a surface, but only provides an elemental depth profile.
Industrial discharge water can be toxic to living organisms even if it comes up to regulatory standards, especially in the case of multiple contaminations. It is therefore necessary to characterize the pollutant load of a discharge water not only from a qualitative and quantitative chemical point of view but also to measure its impact and toxicity. This article shows that chemical analysis and ecotoxicological tests are useful tools to analyze the chemical composition of industrial discharge waters containing metals and to evaluate and compare its toxicity: this dual approach is complementary.
This article looks at the genesis of residual stresses during the induction hardening process. After a short presentation of induction technology, the experimental protocol is described. The description of the “mechanical hardenability” concept and the “thermal-kinetic” effect will show the importance of quenching velocity for the residual stresses generated after the surface hardening heat treatments. The appraisal of residual stresses is necessary to estimate the sensitivity of quenching cracks for the different induction hardening steels.
This article examines, through surface treatment examples, the interest of experimental designs in the search for an optimum through response surface methodology (RSM). Among the experimental design, those of Box-Behnken, Doehlert, central composites, uniform and D-optimal designs may provide valuable assistance. More generally, they provide a continuum of progressive management in a study with a minimum of testing at the lowest cost. Mixture designs are particular experimental designs; they are dedicated to the optimization of mixture formulations whose properties depend on the proportions of the constituents. This approach is illustrated by means of a case study.
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