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HiPIMS (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) technology represents a major advancement in the field of physical vapor deposition (PVD) for the synthesis of functional thin films. This article starts with an overview of the conventional magnetron sputtering to establish the fundamental concepts. Subsequently, the HiPIMS technique is presented, highlighting the key challenges in generating high-power pulses and accurately modeling the magnetic field involved in magnetron sputtering processes. Finally, two specific applications of this technology are examined: the growth of titanium dioxide and tungsten trioxide thin films.
Few analysis methods are adapted to monitoring industrial surfaces with coatings of variable thickness, for which rapid information on a large number of elements is required. This article presents Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry, with its advantages and limitations. It is an ultrafast easy-to-use depth profiling technique that can measure all elements in thin and thick films. The generalization of RF sources has allowed the analysis of nonconductive materials, and the range of applications has since broadened. The method does not describe all aspects of a surface, but only provides an elemental depth profile.
Anyone buying or making parts made of stainless steel needs to understand the metallurgical purposes of the various heat treatments that can be performed on such parts. These purposes, which concern both mechanical and corrosion properties, are presented here for all grades of stainless steel. The harmful consequences of some temperature holds for some grades, and the corresponding limitation of possible uses for the grade are also presented. Choice of treatment atmosphere is discussed. Phase diagrams, curves illustrating how properties evolve during treatment, and tables indicating expected final mechanical or metallurgical properties are provided.
Surface treatment involves contributing to the surface material, or by substrate conversion to confer a technical or aesthetic function to the material. More than ever the surface treatment industry is faced with improving the quality of treatment, cost reduction, and environmental standards. To achieve this goal and taking into account the number of parameters, the use of the methodology of experimental designs is becoming increasingly common. Following a clarification of the terminology, a quantitative study of the effects of factors and their interactions is deployed. Several factorial designs are used: full-factorial, fractional-factorial or Taguchi methods.
Fighting graffiti adds considerable cost, both environmental and financial, to railway transport operation. Removing graffiti from rolling stock represents an expense in labour and chemicals of some 30 million euros per year. This article deals with the different coating systems that enable easier removal of both ink and paint graffiti.
The aim of nitriding and nitrocarburizing treatments is to provide the metal alloy with a hardness gradient and compressive stresses that improve wear and fatigue resistance. Following the transfer of nitrogen and carbon atoms, compound layers are formed on the surface of steels. The formation of such layers can be described using a thermodynamic approach to binary systems (iron-nitrogen) and ternary systems (iron-carbon-nitrogen) as well as the knowledge of mass transfer mechanisms related to nitrogen diffusion in polyphase systems.
The mechanisms of surface thermochemical treatments via gas-solid reaction have been intensively studied over the last twenty years. The understanding of these mechanisms has allowed for increasing the velocity of matter transfer and thus for reducing the duration of treatments via processes whose constantly optimized operation conditions guarantee productivity and also an extremely high level of metallurgical quality reproducible for each treatment.
Dense pressurized CO2 cleaning technology, which emerged in the 2000s, has evolved considerably during the last two decades. Thanks to a major mobilization of research, technology centers and industrials, significant progress in the understanding of dense apolar media and solubilization phenomena, as well as the evolution of equipment, have enabled us to broaden the range of applications. Today, the many industrial examples presented show that pressurized CO2 processes have reached a high level of industrial maturity. They enable the replacement of existing processes that no longer meet environmental and health standards, while providing a high-quality solution.
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