13. Conclusion

Simulation is a very powerful tool for taking into account shear at the tool/workpiece interface, but adapting the calculation to real-life conditions requires extensive testing, and is sometimes hampered by the limitations of the model used. Nonetheless, it is an accessible tool that provides a fairly adequate account of experimental phenomena. It is likely that the friction coefficient values obtained are overestimated in relation to local forces, notably due to the phenomenon of bonding between samples and tools. However, for simulation purposes, these are the values that will enable us to obtain geometries comparable with experiments. With a view to developing a representative friction test, and to comparing different lubricants, the swaging test is the most sensitive.