Practical sheet | REF: FIC1176 V1

Systemic toxicity: target organs, nervous system

Author: Alain LOMBARD

Publication date: May 10, 2025 | Lire en français

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3. What is the structure of a neuron?

A neuron (or nerve cell) is made up of three parts: a cell body, an axon and dendrites. The axon and dendrites form the nerve fiber.

3.1 Cell body

The cell body is a nucleus surrounded by a cytoplasm containing mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (Nissl body), whose membrane surface is covered with ribosomes, and free ribosomes. Ribosomes synthesize the proteins required for nerve renewal. Bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofibrils) provide the cell's framework (cytoskeleton). Microtubules transport materials between the cell body and the axon.

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What is the structure of a neuron?