2. Models: concepts and implementation

Today, the use of modeling is a central element in environmental analysis. Modeling makes it possible to identify the components of an environment, represent its structure and define its functional relationships, using qualitative or quantitative modeling tools or models. In particular, models can be used to simulate changes in the environment, with or without a project, and to evaluate measures to eliminate, reduce or compensate for harmful effects. Five types of model can be used in the field of environmental analysis and impact assessment:

• literary models, which describe and delimit a problem by means of a text. Their interpretation may vary according to the reader, and does not allow for a high degree of determination;

• conceptual models that help to structure thought and recognize the problem ;...