6. Direct analysis of solid samples

6.1 Solid sample

In view of all the problems associated with bringing solid samples into solution, the possibility of analyzing them directly is a very often desirable alternative. With the exception of XRFS and arc/spark AES, the majority of atomic spectroscopy techniques currently on the market (FAAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS) are designed for solution analysis. These are introduced by means of a nebulization device, whose mediocre efficiency (of the order of one percent) is one of the main limitations on detection power. However, several approaches have been developed to avoid uncertain solutions and take advantage of the introduction of suspended solids in ICP-AES: particle size discrimination during nebulization and during transport of the aerosol to the plasma, as well as their short...