4. Outlook

The biomathematical tools presented above are evolving, and current research is focused on three types of model systems:

• hybrid systems, with a discrete part managing the evolution of the parameters of a continuous part, these parameters generally being state variables of low complexity (e.g. genetic and protein infrastructure variables), and managing the dynamics of the state variables of the continuous part, of high complexity (e.g. physiological or population variables), within the framework of complex multi-level organizational systems;

• multi-temporo-spatial systems, with several time scales (corresponding to slow and fast variables) and space scales (corresponding to micro-, meso- or macroscopic fluctuations or movements of the elements of the system under study);

• decomposable...