5. Model and application validation

5.1 Model validation

Whatever their complexity, all models must be validated experimentally. As with all modeling, validation must first be carried out by simulation on a database (behavior and aging) that has not been used to establish the models. This obvious constraint is not always easy to respect, given the difficulty of obtaining a sufficiently complete database covering the same range of parameter values. In general, "elementary" models (at cell level) are validated first, for two main reasons. Firstly, elementary models are applicable (subject to adaptation) to all types of packs manufactured with these cells. Secondly, the necessary complementary databases are more accessible and abundant.

Model validation at pack level is a much more complex problem,...