4. Conclusion

Hybrid combustion-electric vehicles offer an interesting compromise between complexity and energy and emission savings. Different combinations (architectures, topologies) are available, offering variable gains depending on the importance of the electrical component. Given this structural and technological diversity, a systems approach is needed to study these vehicles in depth and optimize them. Modeling plays a central role in predicting performance in advance, and in developing and comparing different control strategies. The use of the REM formalism, or other structuring tools such as bondgraphs, helps to limit modeling errors linked to the interconnection of energy systems of different natures, and to structure their control.

The energy management of HEVs is therefore a key point in their design, and models can be used to benchmark the compromises expected according...