4. Conclusion

The prospects that are emerging in these three areas are likely to boost interoperability in Europe, an evolution that is hampered by different electrification systems and control equipment. Although ERTMS is the current benchmark for control systems, its deployment is progressing slowly, as it comes up against severe economic constraints.

It should also be pointed out that, despite significant procedural improvements, the approval of electric traction motors on the various European infrastructures still involves a lengthy and costly appraisal process, particularly for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues between the three areas described above