4. Future issues and challenges

4.1 Automated driving and autonomy

The International Association of Public Transport (UITP), later taken over by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC 62290-1 has defined 4 gradual levels of driving automation, known as GoA for "Grade Of Automation". The maximum achievable level, GoA4, corresponds to fully automated driving, with no human intervention or supervision. A fifth level, GoA0, is sometimes distinguished for conventional tramway operation, which is completely manual, including speed setting.

Level 4 has been a reality in the metro world for over 30 years, with numerous lines in commercial operation around the world, whether in Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore...)...