4. Some specific characterization problems

In this last paragraph, we very briefly address the problem of determining molar masses in a few specific cases. As shown in figure 11 , almost all analytical methods lead to the determination of the molar mass of substances with a high molar mass (between 10 ⁴ and 10 ⁷ ). Accordingly, a few problems specific to polymers are examined here; these include both synthetic polymers of industrial interest and substances of natural or biological origin (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.).