4. Applications for materials characterization

4.1 Milli-beam

Whether the analysis method used is milli-beam, macro-beam or micro-beam, the physics involved is the same. Only the field of application changes. The macrobeam or milli-beam is used to characterize samples with a high degree of lateral homogeneity. The beam's large size, of the order of a millimetre in diameter, makes it possible to obtain an average concentration. The current densities used in milli-beam are low. Table 16 gives some commonly used values.