1. Cost of embedded and integrated systems

An embedded system is any device that includes electronics, whether integrated or not, which are involved in the system's operation [1]. An embedded system is an electronic system including software and hardware – in the sense of digital and analog electronics – integrated on a single silicon substrate [2]. In this sense, an embedded system relies on embedded systems to perform certain control or computing functions. For example, an engine's electronic fuel injection is an embedded system made up of mechanical injectors and sensors. Based on sensor data, the on-board electronics control the timing and duration of fuel injection, and the opening of air intake flaps. Other systems are much more "digital", such as an audio or video player. They are built around a chip integrating all the electronics, and have a minimalist mechanical interface (buttons) that...