3. Features

3.1 Types of torque used

Common thermocouples are described in detail in [R 2 594] .

• To date, only eight types of torque are internationally recognized. They are described in particular in European standard IEC 584.1. For thin-film couples, there are as yet no rules, as the physical characteristics of thin-film deposits can be very different from those of the same solid materials. This is the case for thermal and electrical conductivities and, of course, Peltier and Seebeck coefficients. This is due first and foremost to the crystalline structure that develops during the deposition process, the presence of impurities and the quality of the vacuum, and...