4. PFM mapping of ferroelectric polarization
The most widely used technique for mapping the ferroelectric polarization state is called "Piezoresponse Force Microscopy" (PFM). It is based entirely on the inverse piezoelectric effect, which will be discussed in the next paragraph. This technique first appeared in 1992 , although its current name was given a few years later by A. Gruverman and his team
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PFM mapping of ferroelectric polarization
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