1. Micro and nanothermics

1.1 Small-scale thermal engineering

There are three physical mechanisms for heat transfer.

In solids, heat conduction is achieved by the close propagation of atomic vibrations, as well as by electrons if the material is electrically conductive. In fluids (gases and liquids), heat conduction takes place via the impact of molecules. This mechanism involves no macroscopic transport of matter.

Thermal convection takes place in fluids through the displacement of matter.

Thermal radiation, which is emitted by all matter with a temperature above absolute zero, reflects the conversion of thermal energy (kinetic energy from the random movements of electrons in matter) into electromagnetic energy. Photons are emitted, carrying...