4. Atomic clocks
4.1 General information and physical principles [47]
Electronic oscillators, as described in the previous paragraphs, provide stable frequency references over short periods of time, but their sensitivity to the environment and aging phenomena mean that they cannot maintain a stable frequency over the long term. What's more, it's a macroscopic element, the resonator, that sets the frequency of the generated signal. Even with the most careful design, this frequency will be affected by uncertainties...
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Atomic clocks
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