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This paper presents theoretical analysis, experimental implementation, and potential wireless applications of six-port techniques at the millimeter-wave band. These applications include, in particular, the use of the six-port concept in direct-conversion receivers to replace conventional expensive high-power I/Q demodulators.This paper will also explore other innovative six-port radar techniques for various parameter measurements, including distance, relative speed, and angle of arrival (AoA). This manuscript will include examples of circuit implementations at millimeter-wave frequency bands, along with the associated measured performances, highlighting the current state-of-the-art six-port technology and its emerging applications
The daily applications in which the presence of electric current is essential (household appliances, industrial equipment, electrical networks) leads us to be interested in the measurement of its parameters.An overview of electric current measurement is presented in this article. The measurable parameters are introduced in the first chapter, followed by the different measurement principles, instruments and current sensors, which are discussed in the second chapter. The aim is to inform the reader on the current possibilities, so that to choose according to the needs. The third chapter describes the concept of metrological traceability and some examples of the calibration of electrical current measuring instruments, highlighting the various components of uncertainty.
This paper presents the concept of smart electrical grids with an emphasis on measurement: some technological issues are discussed. Two different approaches are analyzed: from the point of view of utilities and from that of the consumer. The first one concerns the phasor measurement unit and its importance for the monitoring and control of wide area networks. Standards, power quality, GPS synchronization and real-time mapping of grid state are described. The second approach addresses energy management. In this case smart metering, renewable energy sources and electric vehicle applications are presented. Finally energy efficiency is assessed through established or planned economic models and the carbon footprint of human activities.
Fiberoptic technology appeared in the communication networks at the beginning of the 1980s. It has reached industrial maturity with several hundred million kilometers manufactured each year. It is still evolving to support higher and higher bit rates: 400 Gbps per wavelength and several tens of Tbps thanks to wavelength division multiplexing. Thus the measurement of the structural parameters and the attenuation and dispersion performance of the fibers has to be more and more precise and reproducible. This article strictly defines these parameters and describes the measurement methods currently used in industry and networks.
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