4. Conclusion

Microwave dielectric characterization is based on a variety of methods, enabling the measurement to be tailored to the application in question. In the majority of applications, processing the measured quantities is relatively straightforward, and the machine-user interface is relatively simple, requiring no specific expertise in electromagnetics. Most methods require operating powers of no more than a milliwatt, a narrow frequency band and probes operating close to the material. The final advantage lies in the very nature of electromagnetic signals, which offer high measurement sensitivity to the geometric and physical properties of materials, while being non-ionizing.