1. Objectives and challenges of NDT

Figure 1 - Non-destructive evaluation of intrinsic material properties; relationship between physical properties accessible by NDT methods – microstructure – application properties

Figure 2 - Principle of X-ray inspection

Figure 3 - Radiation-matter interactions as a function of radiation energy

Figure 4 - Variation in mass absorption coefficient as a function of radiation energy and target type

Figure 5 - Spectrum of radiation emitted by an X-ray tube as a function of acceleration voltage and supply current i

Figure 6 - Schematic diagram of an X-ray tube

Figure 7 - X-ray tube types

Figure 8 - Schematic diagram of the microfocus X-ray tube

Figure 9 - Some examples of characteristic curves for silver film (Kodak doc.)

Figure 10 - Construction and operating principle of an X-ray image intensifier (IIR) tube (Hamamatsu document)

Figure 11 - Calculating geometric blur

Figure 12 - Example of a standardized Image Quality Indicator (IQI) NF EN 462-2

Figure 13 - Schematic diagrams of the different types of X-ray chains

Figure 14 - Variation of neutron mass attenuation coefficient as a function of absorber atomic number

Figure 15 - Example of fine porosity detection in an as-cast sample (microfocus source and X-ray image intensifier).

Figure 16 - Detection limit as a function of productivity expressed as controlled area per unit time for a 10 mm thick sample (microfocus source, X-ray image intensifier)

Figure 17 - On-line X-ray diffraction texture characterization equipment

Figure 18 - Longitudinal ultrasound waves

Figure 19 - Transverse ultrasonic waves

Figure 20 - Lamb waves: symmetrical and antisymmetrical modes

Figure 21 - Lamb waves: evolution of phase and group velocity as a function of frequency-thickness product for the first four symmetric (S0, S1, S2 and S3) and antisymmetric (A0, A1, A2 and A3) modes.

Figure 22 - Ultrasonic beam divergence

Figure 23 - Acoustic intensity on beam axis as a function of distance from transmitter

Figure 24 - Acoustic intensity perpendicular to the axis as a function of distance from the transducer

Figure 25 - Ultrasound reflection and transmission at normal incidence

Figure 26 - Reflection, refraction and transmission of ultrasound at oblique incidence

Figure 27 - Structure of an ultrasonic probe

Figure 28 - Focused probe principle

Figure 29 - Principle of the electro-magnetic-acoustic touch probe (EMAT)

Figure 30 - Laser ultrasonic generation and reception

Figure 31 - Principle of ultrasonic ultrasound (longitudinal waves)

Figure 32 - Types of results presentation in ultrasonic probing

Figure 33 - Calibration block model (calibration block no. 1 in EN 12223)

Figure 34 - Principle of defect sizing using the diffraction echo time-of-flight (TOFD) technique (extract from prENV 538-6)

Figure 35 - Example of the detection of fine inclusions by ultrasound: comparison

Figure 36 - Comparison of metallographic and ultrasonic grain size measurement results

Figure 37 - Comparison of anisotropy coefficient measurement results obtained by tensile testing and ultrasonic technique