7. Optimization of clean water circuits

Cooling water and boiler water are generally used at high flow rates. Water consumption can be reduced by adopting closed or semi-closed circuits, or by using reheated water at other manufacturing stations.

• Adoption of closed or semi-closed cooling circuits

  The following key points must be observed.

  In closed circuits, the water is cooled by contact with a secondary fluid (air or water) and is then recycled without contact with air. In semi-closed circuits, on the other hand, the water is cooled by evaporation in an atmospheric cooler before being recycled.

  Water-cooled refrigeration compressors should be replaced by air-cooled compressors. Cooling systems can be upgraded with chillers, tubular or plate heat exchangers. In wineries, wastewater cooling should be eliminated,...