5. Smart, connected and sustainable cities and their risks

The concepts or slogans of "smart city" or "intelligent city" were not invented to reduce urban risks, such as those described above. Rather, the origin of the smart city idea lies in the continuation of the long-standing mutations already mentioned (the arrival of NICTs, the multiplication of private players in technical networks), coupled with new technological leaps linked to Internet developments (the smartphone, the Internet of Things), these innovations being supposed to enable more "intelligent" and sometimes more "participative" management of the city. In short, "cities are being reshaped by the digital revolution and the metamorphosis of globalized, financialized capitalism. They have become strategic sites for public action, for business, and sometimes for social and political mobilization"