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This article presents the urban heat island phenomenon. The context regarding evolution of cities and climate change is first introduced. Horizontal and vertical spatial scales are presented, as well as energy balances for rural and urban surfaces. Several types of urban heat islands are then defined. Major causes and control factors of urban heat island are analyzed at urban canopy layer scale. The daily cycle of this climatic phenomenon, its genesis and its temporal process are also identified.
The Smart City has become a fashionable concept. However, its definition varies from one author to another. The first part of the paper will define the concepts of smart city and resilience, which will allow a better understanding of the emerging concept of Wise City. A smart city is more a process than a status. The second part will focus on two case studies, one in Dijon and the other in Issy-les-Moulineaux, which will help understand the concepts defined in the first part.
The formation of traffic jams has economic, social, logistical and ecological consequences. Their prediction from the evolution of a road traffic state is complex.This article aims to describe the existing methods. By identifying the key parameters of the problem, the modeling of road traffic, seen as a physical system modeled by systems of differential equations, turns out to be relevant. In addition, the evolution of communication systems is a real hope of prevention as a real-time tool to smooth road traffic. Applied to the autonomous car, these systems are decisive.
There is a growing interest about green roofs, in connection with urban nature policies. Green roofs are associated with multiple ecological benefits, such as habitats for biodiversity, water retention, cooling effect, although these ecosystem services have been poorly assessed in reality. In order to fill these gaps, the Agency for Biodiversity in Paris Region and its partners launched in 2017 the study GROOVES - Green ROOfs Verified Ecosystem Services - to investigate the ecology of these new urban ecosystems and provide recommendations to their designers and managers.
This article focuses on rainwater harvesting and use in urban buildings, which has been of renewed interest at international level and since the early 2000s in France. An overview of the development of this practice in the world and in France is presented. Regulatory and normative aspects are then discussed. The principles and the different technical functions used to build the installations are described, as well as their dimensioning methods. A final focus deals with the integration of rainwater use into urban storm water management approaches.
Smart lighting is gathering new means to light the public space in an innovative way. Generally using the Information and Communication Technology (ICT), this way of thinking the streetlights network has many direct applications in different modalities. The goal of this article is therefore to understand these modalities of application and give them a theoretical frame with a generic definition in the first part, a study case on the city of Paris in the second part and the last part will allow us to put into perspective the previous reflexions.
Soils shelter most of terrestrial biodiversity: from bacteria to earthworms. These organisms are key in the ecosystem functioning and provide various ecosystem services vital to our societies: soil formation, nutrient cycling, food provision, biocontrol or climate regulation.In Cities, where most humans live, soils are subject to various anthropic pressures – artificialization, pollution… – and to various land uses, leading to a highly various biodiversity.Combining empirical and scientific knowledges, this article aims to get a better understanding of the impact of three urban infrastructures – parks, green roofs and various urban agriculture forms – on soil biodiversity.
Urbanization is nowadays the first cause of land use change, in France. Soils are still considered as areas to be consumed and not as resources to preserve. Hence, the surface area concerned by artificialized soils represents now nearly 10% of the metropolitan France one. The organic carbon maintenance in urban soils is necessary since it determines many ecosystem services, important for urban dwellers’ well-being. This article introduces the scientific results achieved inside of this field and the limits encountered at the international scale. It also discusses the challenges to be met in urban soil science in order to move towards sustainable city development.
The development of information and communication technologies strongly influences the evolution of medicine and the adoption by health professionals of electronic medicine. The latter leverages the availability of new, better-performing telecommunications networks for the benefit of Internet health applications using specific components and software. This article provides an overview of developments in medical imaging and health computing systems, followed by a summary of the research studies for more accurate and secure health care management.
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