1. Water use in industry

Water is used in an extremely wide variety of ways in industry in general, and even within a single plant. This means that quality requirements vary widely, from vaporization to gas or solid washing, or heat exchange...

Unfortunately, the water resources available, i.e. groundwater (water tables and deep aquifers exploited by wells or boreholes) and surface water impounded or flowing (dams, lakes and rivers), rarely meet all these constraints. What's more, the quality of the resource may be subject to disturbances, the impact of which needs to be assessed. For all these reasons, it is often necessary to treat water before use.

Generally speaking, it should be noted that for small and medium-sized businesses, it is often the water of the highest quality (drinking water from the public network) that satisfies all uses. On the other hand, the...