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This article discusses the relationship between environmental responsibility and international regulation. It raises the question of state responsibility for environmental damage. It shows the conditions under which it can be engaged and identifies the obstacles to its implementation. In particular, it highlights the difficulty of going before an international jurisdiction. Moreover, while the domestic judge remains the ordinary judge of the respect of international law, he still intervenes little to this effect. Climate trials could, however, create a momentum and encourage in the future the involvement of national judges in improving the effectiveness of international environmental law.
Hydrogen sulfide and volatile organic compounds containing sulfides - mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, etc. - are known for their characteristic odors. Their presence in the atmosphere is due to natural discharges and industrial gas emissions. These are acidic, corrosive and toxic gases. The analysis of these compounds is carried out either directly by sensors or by gas chromatography methods. The regulations specify the concentrations of gas discharges into the environment and the occupational exposure limit values. At high concentrations, the Claus process transforms H2S into native sulfur. For lower concentrations of sulfur compounds, gas scrubbing is the most commonly used technique. Activated carbon adsorption processes or biological treatments can also be implemented.
Environmental taxation is composed of taxes whose tax base includes at least one environmental element, such as water or air. Based on the polluter-pays principle, its objective is to encourage the taxpayer to preserve natural resources by surcharging the pollution.The four main areas of the environmental taxation are: energy, water, pollution and waste disposal. They are covered by the taxation on energy consumption, the water taxation, the general tax on polluting activities and the taxation on waste disposal.
Phytomanagement is an integrating risk management approach of polluted sites and soils (PSS). It is based on phytotechnologies and sustainable management objectives of PSS. Its applicability is based on a technical feasibility study integrating preliminary laboratory assays which allows to ensure that phytotechnologies achieve the management or remediation objectives of pollutants on the site. If positive, pilot assays could be carried out prior to the whole site implementation and site objectives monitoring. This methodology will be illustrated by experience feedback.
The scale of the accident, which took place on July 10, 1976, in the Italian town of Seveso led European states to adopt a common policy on major industrial risks prevention. Thus, a few years later, a directive called "Seveso" - then "Seveso 2" and now "Seveso 3" - requires states and companies to identify the risks associated with certain hazardous industrial activities and to take the necessary measures to deal with it. This article presents the main content of this European legislation and its transposition into French law.
Atmospheric releases of pollutants can have an impact on the quality of the air we breathe. Risk assessment studies are based on modelling the atmospheric dispersion of gaseous releases in order to estimate the exposure of populations and ecosystems. After a brief review of the regulatory context, this article focuses on the objectives and principles of the modeling of atmospheric dispersion. The main mechanisms of atmospheric transfers of pollutants are thus presented. The modeling tools of atmospheric transfers are reviewed: diagnostic models and deterministic models.
The evolution of medicine, from primitive practices to sophisticated techniques, has been marked by significant progress. This includes the increase in life expectancy, such as in France where it rose from 69.2 years in 1950 to 85.4 years in 2018. However, this evolution also leads to the obsolescence of medical devices due to constant technological advancement. Safety standards, such as the CE marking, ensure the quality of devices. Concurrently, cyber-attacks on medical equipment's computer systems highlight current security challenges and the difficulties in managing this obsolescence.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption to global social and economic systems. This article therefore examines the social and business impacts of the pandemic, with a focus on healthcare, education, work, travel and digitalisation. It also explores the changing business models and strategies that have emerged in response to the pandemic.
The obsolescence of human skills and knowledge, although little known to the public, is now a crucial factor to consider in modern companies and societies. With the arrival of innovative technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, it can have harmful consequences if not responsibly managed. The aim of this article is to explain these issues of skills and knowledge obsolescence, to highlight their causes and consequences, and to show how they affect companies and how they cope with them.
This article discusses planned obsolescence and its history, a practice that deliberately shortens the lifespan of products to boost sales. Unlike natural obsolescence due to technological progress, this obsolescence is intentional. A survey of engineering students at INSA Toulouse and ENSIL-ENSCI reveals a good understanding of planned obsolescence but confusion with natural obsolescence, as well as a lack of knowledge about French legislation. The article examines global efforts to combat this practice, noting that France and Germany are ahead with strict laws, while other regions, such as Asia and Africa, have less developed regulations.
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