1. Structural features
Various characterization methods have been developed to access information on membrane structure, particularly pore size. They can be classified into three types: microscopic techniques, liquid intrusion or displacement techniques, and tracer retention measurement techniques.
1.1 Microscopic techniques
These techniques provide information on surface topology, roughness and pore size. Several microscopic observation methods are used. They differ in terms of implementation and resolution
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Structural features
Membrane load characterization
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