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Biological processes with suspended biomass of the activated sludge type are used for the treatment of urban or industrial wastewaters. These processes are generally based upon equations of "matter" assessments constructed on the hypothesis of a permanent regime. However, these systems are the subject of constant disturbances: high variation in pollutant load, discontinuity of certain operations. The dynamic analysis of the biological processes for wastewater treatment is thus essential in order to understand the real operating of units and optimize the dimensioning parameters.
Water reuse (treated wastewater, rainwater, graywater, industrial water, etc.) is emerging as an essential solution to address the growing challenges associated with water resource management and usage. In a context marked by climate change, population pressure, and the increasing scarcity of water resources, this practice is part of a transition toward a circular economy and sustainable resource management. It involves repurposing non-conventional water—derived from domestic, industrial, or urban processes—by giving it a second life for various uses: agricultural irrigation, urban cleaning, industrial cooling, and even the production of drinking water.
It should be borne in mind that water, this liquid which is so familiar, has extremely specific characteristics which are above all essential to the survival of man. Although of an unremarkable appearance, it is also the most complex fluid. After presenting a brief historical overview of human knowledge on the composition and structure of the water molecule, this article reviews its different states - solid, liquid, gaseous - and the different ways in which the molecules are organized according to these various states. It then details the physical properties - mass density, density, surface tension, thermal and electrical properties - as well as the physicochemical and biological properties of water.
There is currently an increasing need for fast and cost-effective analytical methods suitable for water pollutants monitoring and toxicological impact assessment. In this context, some techniques based on the specific properties of whole cells, enzymes, antibodies, DNA, biopolymers or materials of natural origin, appear as excellent alternatives or complementary techniques to classical chemical methods. This article will be more particularly focused on biosensors and biosorbents (principles, advantages and limitations, application to water quality assessment, new trends).
The management of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment poses major environmental and regulatory challenges. Various solutions exist: agricultural reuse, thermal treatment, landfill or industrial reuse, each with advantages and limitations depending on the composition of the sludge and the local context. Changing standards are driving a shift towards innovative and sustainable solutions that combine safety, performance and respect for the environment.
This article relates to the treatment operations for the elimination of dissolved substances present in natural fresh water used as raw material in industry and the production of drinking water. The main processes are described and grouped by major physicochemical reaction (gas-liquid exchange, oxidation, adsorption, ion exchange, equilibrium, membranes), the operations are explained as well as the expected performances and drawbacks. A final chapter is devoted to a synthesis by dissolved substance, the interest of which is to quickly identify the process(es) allowing its elimination or transformation.
This article provides an overview of the characteristics and treatment methods for sewage sludge, covering physical, chemical and biological aspects. It examines the various techniques used to reduce sludge volumes. Methods include thickening, dewatering, drying and biological processes such as anaerobic digestion. Stabilisation techniques are also discussed, focusing on liming, aerobic stabilisation and composting.
This article relates to the treatment operations for the elimination of insoluble - or particulate - substances present in natural fresh water used as raw material in industry and the production of drinking water. All of these operations are generally grouped under the name of “water clarification”. The processes used are purely mechanical and physical (screening, natural decantation and flotation, filtration) or physicochemical (coagulation-flocculation coupled with a liquid-solid separation technique, dissolved air flotation). The operations are explained (theoretically) and described (technologically), with the expected performances and the main malfunctions.
Industrial growth in the twentieth century required considerable quantities of metals and, as a result, the implementation of processes compatible with the treatment of huge rock masses. One such process, flotation, enables solids to be separated from each other, taking advantage of the differences between their surface properties in an aqueous solution and in the presence of air. Later, this process was applied to solid-liquid separation (precipitate flotation) and ion extraction in solution (ion flotation). The principle of mineral flotation is as follows: solid particles are suspended by agitation in water, after wet grinding to varying degrees has freed the mineral species to be beneficiated from the gangue.
Inspired from Nature Based Solutions, eco-design of maritime infrastructures is one of the pragmatics, technically and economically, responses to achieve legal mitigation objectives, adapted to each environment and aesthetically concerns to the natural underwater landscapes. This article presents the bases for the realization of eco-designed maritime infrastructures functional and efficient in terms of civil engineering and ecology, to enhance its integration into coastal or marine ecosystems. The original methodological approach, for the realization of eco-designed projects, is supported by concrete examples. The development of maritime territories is depicted from the perspective of ecological transition and additional biological conservation targets supported by human infrastructures.
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