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This article provides an overview of the characteristics and treatment methods for sewage sludge, covering physical, chemical and biological aspects. It examines the various techniques used to reduce sludge volumes. Methods include thickening, dewatering, drying and biological processes such as anaerobic digestion. Stabilisation techniques are also discussed, focusing on liming, aerobic stabilisation and composting.
This article relates to the treatment operations for the elimination of insoluble - or particulate - substances present in natural fresh water used as raw material in industry and the production of drinking water. All of these operations are generally grouped under the name of “water clarification”. The processes used are purely mechanical and physical (screening, natural decantation and flotation, filtration) or physicochemical (coagulation-flocculation coupled with a liquid-solid separation technique, dissolved air flotation). The operations are explained (theoretically) and described (technologically), with the expected performances and the main malfunctions.
Rivers are extremely diverse ecosystems in terms of size, geographic location, hydraulic and ecological specificities. However, it is possible to identify common points relating to their ecology and the functional processes that take place there; this makes it possible to develop studies and analysis methods common to all rivers and to identify optimized operating and management rules. Rivers, like all terrestrial environments, are seriously threatened by human development. After an overview of the major hydro-ecological characteristics of rivers, this article addresses ecological restoration tools and methods, based on a regional example developed in the Beaujolais region.
This chapter presents the operation and potential of membrane distillation for the selective separation of compounds and solvents, including aqueous ones. The chapter will provide insight on the theoretical and practical functioning of the technology, and highlight the limitations and opportunities for industrial translation. The challenges related to the design of innovative and high-performance materials will be defined in close connection with the requirements for performance and operational stability. A review of the pilot, industrial applications, niche separation markets, and companies offering key-in-hand solutions including membrane distillation.
The increasing pollution of water resources, demanding health regulations, consumer expectations... have led producers and distributors of drinking water - or water intended for human consumption - to design increasingly efficient and complex treatment systems. Most of these systems, as for groundwater as surface water, are described in this article, illustrated by examples of french waterworks, with some tests and advice essential to their optimization. This document was recently completed by presenting the different impacts of the climate change, particularly on treatment and distribution, and by discussing some possible adaptations of these tretament process lines.
Natural environments and human activities have developed in a context of climatic stability and, in the case of France, an abundance of good-quality water resources. However, this favorable situation is being challenged by the overexploitation, the degradation of water resources and the disruptions to the water cycle. This article considers both the consequences of these changes for industry, and the strategies to be put in place to limit their impact. This involves a radical transformation of our management methods, moving from technical management of an abundant, good-quality resource to satisfy demand, to rationalization of demand to bring it into line with the new local hydrological reality.
This article makes an inventory of European and French regulations applicable to the protection of aquatic environments and presents the principles of criminal law applicable to pollution offenses and other unlawful acts. Urban, agricultural and industrial activities degrade water quality, and so means to protect it must be ensured. Varied and diversified European and French legislation form a constantly evolving regulatory arsenal. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this article presents the main relevant texts and their implications, balanced and sustainable water management principles in France, and existing actors and tools implemented to apply them.
The objectives of this document is to bring to the reader quantitative data concerning all the aspects of waters, resources, uses and treatments. Water abstractions for the different uses are presented with their evolution in function of time. Data concerning public water supply permit to identify the technological developments. The same approach is made for urban wastewaters treatment. Other quantitative data are given for industrial waters, rain waters and bottled waters. Economic data concerns the price of water, the expenses for investments and operating costs. In the conclusion, several challenges in terms of water management are presented.
Water is essential to all animal and plant life. It is also at the heart of many industries. Very unevenly distributed on the planet, with only 0.7% of fresh water directly consumable, its presence and use are a challenge at the global level. Addressing water-related issues is both an economic and political challenge. On a technical point of vue, its use and discharge after use in the ecosystem require appropriate treatments. This introductory article provides an overview of the situation of water resources and of the technologies available.
The development of on-site sanitation systems has accelerated over the last century. Many devices have been developed, with some still in service. This article examines this evolution over time, from a technical as well as regulatory point of view. The regulations governing on-site sanitation (such as decrees governing technical requirements, technical control by municipalities, or the law on water and aquatic environments) is described. The regulatory framework is also presented according to two standards: the “implementation of independent on-site sanitation devices” and “small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT.”
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