1. Context

1.1 Public key cryptography

Cryptography can be divided into two main families, each with its own specific features and security objectives. Let's take the simple example of sending a message securely. Historically, so-called symmetrical cryptography, or secret key cryptography, assumes that the person sending the message and the person receiving it share the same secret key. Thanks to this shared information, they are both able to use an encryption algorithm (to encrypt the message and thus hide its contents) and a decryption algorithm (to recover the original message from the encrypted...