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Artificial intelligence is reshaping industrial processes—predictive maintenance, quality control, energy optimisation—yet many projects fail due to poor organisational readiness. This article introduces an AI maturity audit—a simple method to assess a company’s ability to adopt such technologies. Built around six key levers—strategy, organization, people, offer, technology and environment—the audit reveals hidden barriers and supports a structured, sustainable approach before launching any AI project.
The widespread adoption of digital technologies is profoundly transforming urban governance. Long structured around the concept of the ‘smart city’, this transformation is now undergoing a significant shift towards the ‘wise city’ (or sober city), which places resilience, frugality, and collective intelligence at the heart of urban policies. This article offers a conceptual and operational analysis of this transition. It first examines the evolution of the smart city concept and its convergence with the notion of urban resilience. It then discusses the structuring role of digital twins and artificial intelligence (AI) as cognitive infrastructures of the contemporary city, and illustrates these dynamics with international applications.
This article clarifies what it takes, on an industrial shop floor, to design an artificial intelligence (AI) system that is truly useful. It contrasts the growing shortage of shop-floor staff with the strong appeal of so-called general-purpose AI and confronts this trend with the concrete needs of industrial operations. Three approaches are compared, data-driven, document-driven and hybrid, and their respective conditions for success are specified. The article proposes business-oriented KPIs, including source faithfulness, recall@k, P95 latency and MTTR, together with a calibrated abstention policy and a set of architectural and governance prerequisites required to move from a replicable pilot to large-scale deployment.
Human energy needs - food, heating, transport, comfort - have increased from ~3 MWh/year/person in prehistoric times to 54 MWh in France, 97 MWh in the United States, 28 MWh in China, and 22 MWh in Africa (UN, 2020). By 2050, with 10 billion people and facing of the economic and climate-related decline of fossil resources and their health impacts, energy demand requires sustainable solutions. This article highlights thermal storage as a key driver of the energy transition, exploring the potential of LiOH, which outperforms Solar Salt used in current thermal storage systems of concentrated solar power plants, and which appear also suitable for industrial waste heat recovery.
Used in force spectroscopy mode, atomic force microscopy - AFM - enables the measurement of interactions between cells and particles attached to a tip or cantilever. The article first outlines the principles behind interaction measurements and the types of interactions accessible via AFM, then describes the methods for functionalizing AFM tips and cantilevers with inert particles. Finally, an application example is presented, where cantilevers functionalized with zinc particles are used to probe the surface of microalgae, revealing the optimal conditions for metal absorption by the cells and confirming their potential for aquatic environment decontamination.
Because of global warming and in particular the excess carbon dioxide produced by human activities, it is becoming urgent to find alternatives to the use of fossil resources for organic synthesis. This article deals with the use of biomass-based hydrocarbons, namely terpenes, as a renewable carbon source. It discusses the development of a C-H activation reaction, and more specifically, a cross-dehydrogenative coupling between a terpene and an electron-poor alkene using palladium catalysis. A mechanistic study and an application of this transformation in micellar catalysis are then unveiled.
Kraft black liquor is appearing today as a huge waste of the paper industry. Its valorisation would permit the realistic generation of cheap carbonaceous functional material. Since 2022, Kraft black liquor is considered as a realistic alternative for oil-based carbons. This article presents at first the two-steps involved during the whole synthetic path: first, the shaping procedure followed by a carbonization under inert atmosphere. Secondly, this article describes these native carbonaceous materials’ application dedicated toward the contemporary up-most important energy transition domain with specific endeavours focussed over hydrogen storage and supercapacitor applications.
Decarbonized hydrogen presents significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of various sectors, particularly within industry and transportation. In the latter, fuel cell technology enables the deployment of low-GHG-emission hydrogen vehicles. Current fuel cell technology relies on rare, costly, and controversial materials, which present challenges for widespread adoption. An emerging fuel cell technology shows promise for lowering both economic and environmental costs, especially through the development of precious-metal-free catalysts. This article reviews recent advances in these new catalysts, which hold great promise for large-scale deployment of this technology.
Lignocellulosic biomass - agriculture and forestry wastes - is now the most abundant renewable carbon source, which makes it an excellent substitute to fossil resources to produce compounds for energy and chemistry applications. The massive electrification of society, including industrial processes, leads to increasing interest toward the electrochemical biomass conversion methods. These processes allow combining the production of high value-added compound via oxidation reactions at the anode with that of pure dihydrogen at the cathode of an electrolysis cell. This article presents the advantages brought by such a technology and the technological challenges to overcome for its wide deployment in biorefinery.
Several studies suggest that energy networks, which are currently mainly centralized, could be more efficient through a wider integration of microgrids. Questions then arise about their optimal design. The PIMENT laboratory of the university of La Reunion created a new decision support software dedicated to the design of microgrids, that optimally sizes the key components according to specified performance indicators. This stochastic algorithm is based on the genetic algorithm approach. The results of a study case are deeply studied.
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