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Human energy needs - food, heating, transport, comfort - have increased from ~3 MWh/year/person in prehistoric times to 54 MWh in France, 97 MWh in the United States, 28 MWh in China, and 22 MWh in Africa (UN, 2020). By 2050, with 10 billion people and facing of the economic and climate-related decline of fossil resources and their health impacts, energy demand requires sustainable solutions. This article highlights thermal storage as a key driver of the energy transition, exploring the potential of LiOH, which outperforms Solar Salt used in current thermal storage systems of concentrated solar power plants, and which appear also suitable for industrial waste heat recovery.
Used in force spectroscopy mode, atomic force microscopy - AFM - enables the measurement of interactions between cells and particles attached to a tip or cantilever. The article first outlines the principles behind interaction measurements and the types of interactions accessible via AFM, then describes the methods for functionalizing AFM tips and cantilevers with inert particles. Finally, an application example is presented, where cantilevers functionalized with zinc particles are used to probe the surface of microalgae, revealing the optimal conditions for metal absorption by the cells and confirming their potential for aquatic environment decontamination.
Because of global warming and in particular the excess carbon dioxide produced by human activities, it is becoming urgent to find alternatives to the use of fossil resources for organic synthesis. This article deals with the use of biomass-based hydrocarbons, namely terpenes, as a renewable carbon source. It discusses the development of a C-H activation reaction, and more specifically, a cross-dehydrogenative coupling between a terpene and an electron-poor alkene using palladium catalysis. A mechanistic study and an application of this transformation in micellar catalysis are then unveiled.
Kraft black liquor is appearing today as a huge waste of the paper industry. Its valorisation would permit the realistic generation of cheap carbonaceous functional material. Since 2022, Kraft black liquor is considered as a realistic alternative for oil-based carbons. This article presents at first the two-steps involved during the whole synthetic path: first, the shaping procedure followed by a carbonization under inert atmosphere. Secondly, this article describes these native carbonaceous materials’ application dedicated toward the contemporary up-most important energy transition domain with specific endeavours focussed over hydrogen storage and supercapacitor applications.
Decarbonized hydrogen presents significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of various sectors, particularly within industry and transportation. In the latter, fuel cell technology enables the deployment of low-GHG-emission hydrogen vehicles. Current fuel cell technology relies on rare, costly, and controversial materials, which present challenges for widespread adoption. An emerging fuel cell technology shows promise for lowering both economic and environmental costs, especially through the development of precious-metal-free catalysts. This article reviews recent advances in these new catalysts, which hold great promise for large-scale deployment of this technology.
Lignocellulosic biomass - agriculture and forestry wastes - is now the most abundant renewable carbon source, which makes it an excellent substitute to fossil resources to produce compounds for energy and chemistry applications. The massive electrification of society, including industrial processes, leads to increasing interest toward the electrochemical biomass conversion methods. These processes allow combining the production of high value-added compound via oxidation reactions at the anode with that of pure dihydrogen at the cathode of an electrolysis cell. This article presents the advantages brought by such a technology and the technological challenges to overcome for its wide deployment in biorefinery.
Several studies suggest that energy networks, which are currently mainly centralized, could be more efficient through a wider integration of microgrids. Questions then arise about their optimal design. The PIMENT laboratory of the university of La Reunion created a new decision support software dedicated to the design of microgrids, that optimally sizes the key components according to specified performance indicators. This stochastic algorithm is based on the genetic algorithm approach. The results of a study case are deeply studied.
For applications that require the storage and conversion of large quantities of energy such as electric vehicles and renewable intermittent energy systems, batteries combining high energy density (kWh/kg), low cost (euros/kWh), high reliability and long service life are necessary. Among various technologies under development, “all solid” lithium-metal-polymer batteries are particularly promising. The difficulties of this technology lie in the use of lithium metal at the negative electrode and the development of a polymer electrolyte allowing operation at room temperature. Different strategies developed based on dry polymer electrolytes, plasticized electrolytes, gelled electrolytes and rubber electrolytes are presented in this article.
Solid state hydrogen storage under the form of magnesium hydride (MgH2) allows for the large-scale conversion of electrical energy, including renewable sources. Highly reactive nanostructured powders are obtained by the co-milling of MgH2 with transition metals. After compaction with expanded graphite, these powders allow for the production of composite materials with high storage capacity and very good kinetics of hydrogen sorption. As hydrogenation (dehydrogenation) reactions are strongly exothermic (endothermic), the development of performing tanks requires a state-of-the-art thermal management. Analytical and numerical tools have been developed in order to assist in the design of these storage systems.
Modeling a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system is essential for enhancing its performance, particularly by facilitating access to its internal states. Various spatial modeling methods exist, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these is crucial for selecting the most appropriate model for the intended purpose. Validating such a model entails utilizing diverse experimental data and involves two crucial steps: calibrating indeterminate parameters and verifying results. To illustrate these concepts, a dynamic, biphasic, and isothermal 1D model is presented.
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