5. The future of WWTPs in France

The most common assumption is that overall energy use will remain more or less stable, but that the proportion used in the form of electricity will increase by 1% per year, leading to 600 TWh/year of electricity consumption by mid-century.

An increase in the share of renewable energy is generally desired, with uncertainty surrounding its size and the share of nuclear power. The desirable share of fossil fuels should be a maximum of 10%, perhaps with partial storage of CO ₂ .

A reduction in the share of nuclear power is likely. Renewable energies would include conventional hydropower (50 TWh/year), onshore and offshore wind power, solar power, tidal power (100 TWh potential at a very acceptable price), and a significant proportion of biomass and geothermal energy. We could also envisage 10% of...