1. Context

The effects of climate change are now indisputable, and they call for profound and complex changes aimed at decarbonizing human activities, particularly in the energy sector. Due to a lack of anticipation, all economic sectors are still breaking in their roadmaps, and coordination at national and international levels is proving difficult to establish, following the 2015 Paris Agreement. In this fragile and uncertain context, the shock of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 has had an accelerating effect, critically affecting certain industries such as aeronautics and the automotive industry, further highlighting the need to "get off oil". It is difficult to predict the impact of the 2020 crisis in the medium and long term. Against this backdrop, the challenge for the coming decades is to come up with a relevant and economically viable technological alternative to fossil fuels. The diagnosis is...