1. Context

The scarcity of platinoids very quickly forced manufacturers to think about their recycling (refining), a challenge made all the more difficult by the fact that their average melting point is over 2,000°C and that they are generally not very sensitive to chemical attack. As precious metals, they are subject to price fluctuations, which can sometimes hinder innovation in new industrial applications.

Despite this scarcity, numerous applications are emerging, such as fuel cells.