Lines with losses
Électronique impulsionnelle

Metal losses

These losses are due to the linear resistance R, characteristic of the conductor. This linear resistance R is generally not constant with frequency, due to the skin effect: as frequency increases, the current tends to flow at the periphery of the conductor, resulting in a reduction in the conductor's effective cross-section, and therefore an increase in its resistance.

By noting σ the conductivity of the conductor, we then show that everything happens as if the current flows at the periphery of the conductor in a "skin thickness" e whose value is equal to : $e=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\text{π}\sigma \mu f}}$